Nuclear Power: Africa’s Leap Toward Energy Security and Sustainability

Africa stands at a crossroads. With a rapidly growing population and a persistent energy deficit, the continent faces the dual challenge of securing reliable power while contributing to global carbon neutrality goals. Nuclear energy, particularly through small modular reactors (SMRs) and micro-reactors, is emerging as a transformative solution. Rwanda, under the leadership of Dr. Lassina Zerbo, Chairman of the Rwanda Atomic Energy Board, is pioneering this shift in East Africa. In a recent interview, Dr. Zerbo shared Rwanda’s ambitious vision and addressed the broader implications of nuclear power for Africa’s sustainable development.

Rwanda’s Nuclear Ambition

Rwanda’s energy needs are pressing. A comprehensive study projects that by 2029-2030, the country will require 1.5 to 3 gigawatts of power to support industrialization and ensure energy security—far exceeding its current capacity. “Nuclear energy needs to be part of the game,” Dr. Zerbo emphasized, highlighting its role in meeting these demands. Under President Paul Kagame’s leadership, Rwanda is diversifying its energy partnerships, collaborating with nations like Russia, Korea, and the U.S., as well as companies such as NANO Nuclear Energy. The focus is on deploying SMRs and micro-reactors, leveraging competition among technology providers to secure the best solutions for the country. “There is room for everyone,” Zerbo noted, underscoring an inclusive approach to innovation.

Dispelling Misconceptions

Nuclear energy’s perception in Africa has long been clouded by concerns over safety, cost, and infrastructure readiness. Dr. Zerbo tackled these misconceptions head-on. “Nuclear energy has always been seen as Chernobyl or Fukushima,” he said, “yet those are not the reason” to fear it. He pointed out that modern advancements have made nuclear technology safer and more secure, contrasting its risks with more familiar threats like the 50,000 annual snakebite fatalities in Africa—a statistic that rarely sparks continent-wide alarm. By embracing cutting-edge safety protocols, Rwanda aims to demonstrate that nuclear power can be both viable and secure, paving the way for economic growth.

The Power of Regional Collaboration

Rwanda is not alone in its nuclear journey. Across the continent, nations like Ghana, Kenya, Egypt, Morocco, and Uganda are exploring nuclear technology to bolster sustainable power generation. Regional collaboration is key, Dr. Zerbo argued, citing platforms like the Africa Nuclear Business Platform and the U.S.-Africa Nuclear Energy Summit (USANES). Ghana, an early adopter, offers a model with its research reactor and conventional nuclear plans, while Egypt has already begun implementation. The rise of SMRs represents a “game-changer,” Zerbo said, enabling smaller nations to join the nuclear race. Collaborative efforts in training, capacity building, and safety standards are essential to scale these programs effectively.

Nuclear Energy and Africa’s Future

Energy security and technological innovation are linchpins of global stability, and Dr. Zerbo sees nuclear power as central to Africa’s broader climate and development agenda. “Is the global system sympathetic to Africa’s development?” he asked, advocating for the continent’s inclusion in nuclear advancements—not just as a resource provider, but as a hub of human capital and innovation. Echoing IAEA Director General Rafael Grossi, Zerbo stressed that nuclear energy is “one of the ways to leapfrog” Africa’s industrial and socioeconomic progress. By integrating nuclear into the energy mix, African nations can address grid reliability, drive industrialization, and enhance climate resilience.

A Growing Role in Global Nuclear Policy

Dr. Zerbo, drawing on his experience as Burkina Faso’s former Prime Minister and a global nuclear policy expert, envisions Africa claiming a stronger voice in the international nuclear conversation. From West Africa to the Sahel, countries are declaring their nuclear ambitions, supported by partnerships within and beyond the region. “We need to accompany them with safety and security,” he said, emphasizing the importance of aligning with technological advancements. As Africa’s nuclear programs mature, they promise to redefine the continent’s energy security and its place on the global stage.

Conclusion

Rwanda’s pursuit of nuclear power reflects a broader awakening across Africa—a recognition that sustainable development demands bold, innovative solutions. Dr. Lassina Zerbo’s vision positions nuclear energy as a catalyst for economic growth, energy independence, and climate action. By embracing small modular reactors, fostering regional collaboration, and challenging outdated perceptions, Africa is poised to leapfrog into a future where energy security fuels progress. As Zerbo aptly put it, “There is no other way around”—nuclear power is not just an option, but a necessity for the continent’s transformation.

Dr. Zerbo will be speaking at the upcoming Africa Nuclear Business Platform 2025 conference in Rabat, Morocco this 22-24 April.