Africa’s Nuclear Future: Strong Commitments from the 68th IAEA General Conference
The 68th Regular Session of the IAEA General Conference (IAEA GC) in Vienna witnessed notable engagement from a number of African nations, reflecting the growing recognition of nuclear energy as a critical driver not only for addressing rising energy needs but also for advancing socio-economic development and industrialization across the continent.
This backdrop provides a foundation for a comprehensive analysis of the progress achieved across the continent, highlighting a unified effort to incorporate nuclear power into national energy strategies.
Kenya's Commitment to Nuclear Energy
Kenya is making significant strides in its nuclear energy development. Prime Cabinet Secretary Musalia Mudavadi of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs emphasized, "Kenya is currently in Phase II of its nuclear program, with construction of a nuclear power plant scheduled to begin in 2027, and grid connection anticipated by 2034." The coastal regions of Kilifi and Kwale have been earmarked as potential sites for this landmark project. Furthermore, Kenya is in the process of establishing a Nuclear Research Reactor, aimed at bolstering the nation’s scientific, technological, and educational infrastructure in nuclear energy.
Kenya aims to position itself as a regional hub for nuclear training, with the Kenya Nuclear Regulatory Authority (KNRA) recently designated as a Regional Designated Centre for education and training in radiation protection. During the IAEA General Conference, Kenya capitalized on the opportunity to formalize several key partnerships, including a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between KNRA and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), which KNRA’s Director General James Chumba described as arriving at a "critical juncture" for the country's nuclear aspirations. Additionally, an MoU with the World Institute for Nuclear Security (WINS) was signed, with objectives focused on professional development and addressing security concerns related to nuclear and other materials outside regulatory control. This collaboration will also enhance stakeholder engagement, further solidifying Kenya’s leadership in the region's nuclear security landscape.
Ghana Nuclear Energy Developments
According to Ophelia Mensah Hayford, Minister for Environment, Science, Technology, and Innovation, the implementation of Ghana’s Nuclear Power Programme is advancing with commendable momentum. Following the completion of the Request for Further Information process last year and extensive consultations with potential vendors, Ghana has successfully signed two Corporation Framework Agreements this year—one for a Small Modular Reactor (SMR) and another for a conventional large reactor. These strategic agreements signify a pivotal step toward potentially executing both projects concurrently, further solidifying Ghana’s commitment to nuclear energy development.
Additionally, Ghana has reinforced its commitment to international collaboration by renewing bilateral technical cooperation agreements with both the United States and Japan in the previous year. These partnerships are designed to enhance the capabilities of Ghana's nuclear industry stakeholders through targeted agreements and commitments. The anticipated outcomes of these collaborations include the establishment of a Regional Clean Energy Training Centre, a Small Modular Reactor Simulator specifically tailored for Ghana, and a Regional Welding Certification Programme to elevate standards within the nuclear sector. Furthermore, Ghana’s nuclear programme has been significantly enriched through academic opportunities and collaborations with other advanced nuclear nations such as South Korea, China, and Russia. These international engagements not only reflect Ghana’s proactive approach to developing its nuclear capabilities but also emphasize the nation’s steadfast commitment to fostering a robust and sustainable nuclear energy sector that aligns with global best practices and contributes to the country’s socio-economic development.
South Africa’s Nuclear Energy Achievements
As the sole African nation with an operational nuclear power plant, South Africa is poised to lead by example in the region’s nuclear energy development. In July 2024, Eskom received approval from the National Nuclear Regulator to extend the operational life of Unit 1 at the Koeberg Nuclear Power Plant by an additional 20 years, placing it among approximately 120 reactors globally that have surpassed their original design lifespan. This extension reinforces South Africa's commitment to maintaining its nuclear capabilities while advancing its energy infrastructure.
During the IAEA GC, Dr. Kgosientsho Ramokgopa, Minister of Energy and Electricity for the Republic of South Africa, reaffirmed the crucial role of nuclear energy in the nation’s energy strategy. He emphasized South Africa’s commitment to advancing its "Just Energy Transition" goals, aligning with the global momentum recognizing nuclear energy as an essential component of sustainable energy solutions. In parallel, the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (Necsa) is advancing the development of the Multi-Purpose Research Reactor (MPR) to augment the capabilities of the existing SAFARI-1 reactor. The project has successfully passed the Feasibility Study Gateway Review and is now shovel-ready, with procurement preparations underway and a request for proposals expected by April 2025.
Nigeria’s Progress Towards Nuclear Power
Nigeria is making significant strides in its nuclear energy journey. This year, the IAEA facilitated an expert mission to evaluate Nigeria’s Stakeholder Engagement strategy for the development of its Nuclear Power Plant (NPP), a crucial framework that will assist the country in effectively managing the entire lifecycle of the facility. Nigeria has identified two prime locations for potential NPP sites: Geregu in Kogi State and another site in Akwa Ibom State. Additionally, as it commemorates two decades of operation, Nigeria's Research Reactor-1 (NIRR-1) achieves a noteworthy milestone. In conjunction with this, the nation has formalized a partnership with China through a Memorandum of Understanding on Nuclear Energy and Human Resources Development, underscoring its commitment to best practices and capacity building in the sector.
SMRs continue to be a promising option for Nigeria, as Dunoma Umar Ahmed, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, emphasized the significance of IAEA support. He noted, "The IAEA’s efforts in disseminating information on the advancement of Small Modular and Micro Reactors have been invaluable, providing Member States with critical insights that allow for informed decision-making on SMR technologies based on each country’s specific needs." This valuable guidance is shaping Nigeria's exploration of SMR technologies as a key component of its broader nuclear energy strategy.
Uganda’s Strategic Nuclear Vision
Nuclear power plays a pivotal role in Uganda’s energy transition strategy, underscoring the nation’s strong commitment to introducing nuclear energy as a sustainable solution. Key developments in this endeavor include the establishment of a comprehensive legal framework, the identification of potential sites for nuclear installations, and the creation of the Center for Nuclear Science and Technology at Soroti University, which will enhance human resource development. This center is set to accommodate a medium-range multipurpose research reactor dedicated to education, training, and both basic and applied research in the nuclear domain. In alignment with Uganda’s commitment to the peaceful utilization of nuclear energy, the government is also focused on strengthening the national nuclear regulator, the Atomic Energy Council. This initiative aims to ensure the protection of public safety and the environment while facilitating the responsible development of nuclear energy and its applications.
Embarking on "Phase Two" of the IAEA's Milestones Approach, Uganda has made progress in planning the Buyende Nuclear Power Plant site. Minister of State Sidronius Opolot Okaasai of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development noted, “Net Zero Carbon Emissions” cannot be fully realised without increasing the share of nuclear power in the electricity generation mix. Therefore, Uganda appreciates all efforts and technological advancements aimed at enhancing the contribution of nuclear power to climate change mitigation, energy security and sustainable development.” Uganda's commitment to integrating nuclear power into its energy strategy not only emphasizes sustainable development but also positions the country as a regional leader in the energy transition.
Burkina Faso’s Nuclear Energy Ambitions
Burkina Faso is pursuing a nuclear power program as a safe, accessible, low-carbon energy solution. The country has signed agreements to build a nuclear power plant and promote peaceful uses of nuclear technology. This cooperation includes MOUs on education, training, and infrastructure development, with an emphasis on shaping public opinion. Minister of Higher Education, Research, and Innovation, Adjima Thiombiano, articulated Burkina Faso's commitment during the Russia-Africa Summit in Saint Petersburg, emphasizing the nation's resolve to develop a nuclear power program as a safe, accessible, and low-carbon energy source amid an energy crisis that threatens socio-economic development. At the IAEA's 68th General Conference, he reaffirmed Burkina Faso's steadfast dedication to advancing its nuclear power program, highlighting the country's strategic vision for sustainable energy development. Burkina Faso advocates for enhanced international cooperation to ensure the safe and reliable operation of nuclear facilities, as well as the effective management of radioactive sources, spent nuclear fuel, and radioactive waste,
Niger’s Pursuit of Nuclear Energy Sovereignty
Niger remains resolutely committed to nuclear energy as a strategic pathway to achieving energy independence and promoting economic development. By capitalizing on its substantial reserves of uranium and thorium, the country is poised to establish its first nuclear power plant, which will play a crucial role in meeting its growing energy needs. Dr. Zeinabou Mindaoudou Souley, Head of Niger's Delegation to the IAEA General Conference and Chairperson of the High Authority for Atomic Energy (HANEA), articulated this vision by emphasizing the importance of ensuring a reliable and sustainable supply of clean electricity to enhance the nation’s energy sovereignty. In light of these goals, Niger is determined to advance its Nuclear Power Program with a sense of urgency. The integration of SMRs is being considered as a viable option to rapidly improve electricity access, particularly in rural areas where energy scarcity is a pressing concern. This initiative reflects Niger’s commitment to not only meet current energy demands but also to lay a robust foundation for future growth and development.
The National Industrial Policy (PIN), which encompasses the Nuclear Power Program, has been meticulously developed and validated, and it is currently in the process of being adopted by the Government. This comprehensive policy framework underscores the vital role that nuclear energy will play in driving national industrial development. By ensuring the availability of high-quality energy, the Nuclear Power Program aims to support the growth of high value-added processing activities, ultimately enhancing Niger’s economic resilience and self-sufficiency.
Commitments from Other African Countries
Several other African nations have also reaffirmed their commitment to advancing nuclear capabilities for enhancing energy production and promoting sustainable development.
With its rich deposits of uranium, Tanzania stands poised to leverage its natural resources to promote the safe and responsible utilization of nuclear energy. This initiative is not merely a strategic choice; it represents a crucial component of Tanzania's broader strategy to diversify its energy mix and transition toward a low-carbon, sustainable energy future. By integrating nuclear energy into its energy portfolio, Tanzania aims to enhance energy security, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and mitigate the impacts of climate change, thereby contributing to global efforts to achieve sustainability. Reinforcing this commitment, the Honorable Deputy Prime Minister of Tanzania represented Her Excellency Dr. Samia Suluhu Hassan, President of the United Republic of Tanzania, during the US-Energy Summit held on August 29, 2024, in Nairobi, Kenya. At this significant event, the Deputy Prime Minister reiterated the country’s determination to create a supportive regulatory and operational environment for nuclear electricity generation. This statement not only highlights Tanzania’s dedication to nuclear energy but also underscores the government's proactive stance in engaging with international partners and stakeholders to build a robust nuclear framework. Furthermore, the government is keen to establish strong collaborations with international nuclear agencies and nations with established nuclear programs. Such partnerships will enable Tanzania to access advanced technologies, share best practices, and enhance its regulatory frameworks, ensuring the safe and effective deployment of nuclear energy.
Senegal is actively advancing its strategic plans to establish a comprehensive nuclear energy program, which is pivotal not only for enhancing its energy production capacity but also for facilitating a transition to resilient, low-carbon energy sources. The urgency of this initiative stems from the country’s need to diversify its energy portfolio and ensure sustainable development in the face of increasing energy demands. El Hadji Abdourahmane Diouf, Minister of Higher Education, Research, and Innovation, articulated this commitment by stating, “Senegal is poised to develop a nuclear energy program in the near future to bolster its energy production capacity and facilitate a transition to resilient, low-carbon energy generation.” Central to Senegal's nuclear ambitions is the successful implementation of a nuclear research reactor project, which will serve as a cornerstone for the country's nuclear energy infrastructure. In its initial phase, this project will focus on training and education, thereby cultivating a skilled workforce capable of managing and operating nuclear facilities safely and efficiently. By prioritizing human resource development, Senegal demonstrates its understanding that the success of a nuclear program hinges on the availability of qualified professionals equipped with the necessary expertise.
In essence, the advancements showcased by African nations at the 68th IAEA General Conference highlight a collective commitment to leveraging nuclear energy as a key driver for sustainable development and energy security. The ongoing efforts to develop skilled workforces, strengthen regulatory frameworks, and embrace advanced technologies signal a transformative energy future for the continent. Moving forward, enhanced regional and international collaborations will be essential in fostering technological innovation and ensuring that nuclear energy effectively addresses pressing energy demands while contributing to socio-economic progress.
